The Multifaceted Purpose of a College Education in the 21st Century

In contemporary society, the value and purpose of a college education are subjects of ongoing debate. While an extensive body of research suggests that obtaining a college diploma leads to higher earnings and lower unemployment rates, Americans hold somewhat mixed attitudes about the effectiveness of traditional four-year colleges and other higher education institutions. This article explores the multifaceted purpose of a college education, examining its impact on personal growth, career prospects, and societal contributions.

Shifting Perceptions: Skills vs. Personal Growth

Americans' views on what a college education should be tend to prioritize specific, workplace-related skills and knowledge rather than general intellectual development and personal growth. Half of Americans say that the main purpose of college should be to teach specific skills and knowledge that can be used in the workplace, while 35% think its main purpose should be to help students grow and develop personally and intellectually, and 13% volunteer that these objectives are equally important. The public’s views on this issue have shifted slightly in favor of skills development since the last time Pew Research Center asked this question in 2011.

Interestingly, Americans who have engaged in additional schooling beyond a bachelor’s degree are especially likely to say that the main purpose of college should be personal and intellectual growth, rather than the acquisition of specific skills and knowledge. In contrast, those with limited college experience (or no college experience at all) are more likely to prioritize the development of specific skills over general intellectual improvement. There is also a partisan element to these views, with Republicans and Democrats expressing highly differing opinions on the purpose of college. Democrats (including Democratic-leaning independents) are about evenly split on which of these objectives is more important: 42% say colleges should prioritize personal and intellectual growth, while 43% say they should prioritize the development of workforce-relevant skills. These partisan differences hold true even after accounting for differences in educational attainment.

Personal and Professional Development

On a personal level, many college graduates describe their own educational experience as having a generally positive impact on their personal and professional development. About six-in-ten (62%) college graduates (including those who graduated from a two-year degree program) feel that their time in college was very useful in helping them grow personally and intellectually. The further people have progressed in their college career, the more likely they are to consider their experience very useful. Those with a postgraduate or professional degree are more likely to say that their college education was very useful in each of these respects compared with four-year degree holders, who are in turn more likely than those with a two-year associate degree to say that their education was very useful across each of these measures. For example, while two-thirds of those with a postgraduate or professional degree say their college education was very useful in opening doors to job opportunities, 56% of those with a four-year degree, and an even smaller share (40%) among those with a two-year degree, say the same.

The Value of a Four-Year Degree

Two-thirds of Americans (67%) think that a traditional four-year degree prepares students for a well-paying job in today’s economy at least somewhat well, but just 16% think it prepares them very well, and 29% think it does not prepare them well. Interestingly, Americans with a four-year college degree are generally no more positive - or negative - than those with less education about the relationship between a four-year degree and a well-paying job: 13% of those with a bachelor’s degree or more education say a four-year degree prepares people very well, as do 11% of those with a two-year associate degree, 12% of those with some college experience but no degree, and 17% of those with a high school diploma. When it comes to assessments of a two-year college degree, about one-in-six (16%) Americans who hold this type of degree say it prepares workers very well for a well-paying job. Blacks and Hispanics are more likely than whites to say four- and two-year degrees prepare people very well for a job in today’s economy. For example, about three-in-ten (29%) Hispanics and about a quarter (24%) of blacks say this about a four-year degree, compared with 12% of whites.

Certification Programs: An Alternative Pathway

A substantially larger share of the public has positive attitudes towards certification programs in a professional, technical, or vocational field in the context of workforce development. Some 78% of Americans think that these programs prepare students well for a job in today’s economy, including 26% who think they prepare students very well. Just roughly one-in-five (19%) think they do not prepare students well. Positive assessments of certificate programs as a way to prepare workers for jobs in today’s economy are particularly widespread among those who did not complete high school; 44% in this group say these types of programs prepare people very well, compared with about a quarter (27%) of those with a high school diploma and a similar share of those with some college, but no degree (22%), a two-year degree (28%), or a four-year degree or more education (22%). Certificate programs are also particularly well-regarded among Hispanics, 39% of whom say they prepare people very well for a good job in today’s economy.

The Credentials Gap

Recent research has argued that there is a “credentials gap” in today’s workforce, as employers increasingly require a bachelor’s degree for positions that did not demand this level of schooling in the past. Americans who have engaged in some type of formal education beyond high school (short of obtaining a bachelor’s degree) are particularly likely to believe they’ve been adversely affected by credentialing requirements as they work their way up the educational ladder. Some 25% of Americans with a high school diploma or less and no additional schooling beyond that have not applied for a job because of a bachelor’s degree requirement. But that figure rises to 34% among those with a high school diploma plus additional vocational schooling, to 38% among those with some college experience but no degree, and to 44% among those with a two-year associate degree. In addition, adults younger than 50 are much more likely than older adults to have refrained from applying to a job they felt they were qualified for because they didn’t meet the formal educational requirements.

Beyond the Diploma: Holistic Development

College education is more than just earning a degree - it’s a powerful pathway to personal growth, economic opportunity, and positive social change. It equips individuals with critical thinking skills, broadens their worldviews, and fosters a sense of independence and confidence. The college experience encourages students to explore new ideas, build meaningful relationships, and discover their life’s purpose. At a time when many Americans are rethinking the value of a four-year college degree, the economic outlook for young adults without one is showing signs of improvement. According to a recent Pew Research Center survey, US workers aged 25 to 34 without a bachelor’s degree have experienced notable earnings growth over the past decade after decades of declining wages. A college degree remains one of the most effective tools for boosting job prospects and earning potential. While the burden of student loans is a significant concern for many, the long-term financial benefits of higher education are clear. According to the College Board, the average graduate recoups the cost of their degree by age 34. A college education equips students with the knowledge, critical thinking skills, and confidence necessary to pursue their dreams and make meaningful contributions to society. These statistics illustrate why college degrees are such powerful tools for improving job prospects and earning potential. Beyond financial benefits, college also fosters personal development. The journey to and through college is especially profound for first-generation college students.

Colleges as Catalysts for Economic and Social Change

Colleges and universities don’t just benefit students - they stimulate local economies and drive innovation. Colleges are often centers of community service, civic engagement, and cultural enrichment. Additionally, universities provide lifelong learning opportunities and community programs that help strengthen the social fabric. There’s no better way to start your path to a successful career than with a solid financial foundation. Fortunately, many scholarships are available through UNCF. As you explore your options, use our guide to apply for scholarships and grants. You can also receive guidance by submitting a major interest form for your specific interest. Follow us on UNCF’s social media channels to receive notifications about our scholarships and updates from our member HBCUs. You can also support students pursuing careers by contributing to UNCF member schools. Education is the greatest tool we have for creating a just and equitable society, where economic mobility is accessible to all.

A Personal Journey of Growth and Discovery

Higher education has multiple purposes and addresses multiple aspects of the human condition. It enhances lives on two fundamental levels: (1) it helps students develop the skills and knowledge that prepare them well for more and better employment opportunities; and (2) it prepares students to be more involved and engaged human beings, including helping them become better citizens and better persons. The question is specific to what the institution is trying to do. And I will answer it now in the context of Northern Kentucky. We provide access and opportunity to an educational experience that will enable you not only to have a successful career but a meaningful life. Now success varies in the minds of individuals. Some people will want success by “fame and fortune.” Others base it on the impact they have in the community. So, yes, we believe that a big role of higher education is to promote and sustain a thriving democracy. And you have that when you produce individuals that are able to think, that are able to critically analyze, that are able to discern truth from fiction. They are able to question.

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For generations of young people, “going to college” served as the developmental period for life exploration that would result in developing skills for a fulfilling career and self-realization. For many community college students, however, “higher education” is more focused on skills development for quicker entry into in-demand jobs in fields such as IT, automation and robotics, and health care. We help students pursue the best version of themselves so they can give more to the world. Equipped with a sense of belonging, dynamic intellectual skills and a sense of purpose, our graduates are able to take their life and career as far as they want it to go. Our faculty and scholars invest significant time getting to know each student - encouraging, challenging and supporting them to develop their unique skills and talents. The tremendous support we have seen for our Second Century Campaign proves that Thomas More alumni and friends understand the value of the high-quality, Catholic liberal arts education that we offer.

Preparing Citizens for Work and Life

We believe that the next citizen leader, the next idea, the next discovery or the next creation that will mold the future of our society lives here on our campus today. As a public university, we have a special obligation to be truly inclusive - opening our doors wide and allowing more to be educated in the tradition of excellence at UC. We have created a supportive, connected pathway where students co-design their education plan with excellent advisors. As the global founder of cooperative education - established 116 years ago - UC provides thousands of students valuable real-world education through co-op experiences where students alternate semesters on-the-job and in the classroom. We operate one of the nation’s largest co-op programs, consistently ranked in the top five nationwide. Creating better citizens and preparing citizens for work are inextricable from high education’s mission to serve students and society. Higher education has a vital role to create better citizens and empower them to elevate their community, region and beyond.

Higher education is the gateway to adulthood for the traditional student who attends college soon after high school. These are formative years for professional, emotional, and social growth and development. College life offers myriad opportunities to engage intelligent, curious, creative people from diverse backgrounds and identities, races, cultures, socioeconomics, religions and political views. These encounters may inspire them to question, confirm or amend their values, beliefs and understanding of themselves and their place in the world. Traditional students discover new passions and pathways previously unknown or unavailable and practice personal and social skills that can make them influential team members and citizens throughout life. Higher education offers nontraditional and professional students further clarity and discovery of who they are or desire to become. It builds upon their already-acquired skills and life experiences and opens broader perspectives, new pathways and the opportunity to make adjustments to previous life decisions. With more and more careers requiring advanced education, a college degree can be critical to your success in today's workforce.

Practical Skills and Career Stability

Both associate and bachelor's degree programs offer a combination of general education courses and specialized learning in a discipline that interests you. Experiential learning takes many forms and may exist both in and out of the classroom. Additional types of experiential learning you might take advantage of in college include project-based assignments that partner with real organizations, internships and student clubs and organizations. Earning a college degree could also lead to greater career stability. A college degree can be the extra credential you need to land the dream job you've always wanted.

An example of this is Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU) graduate Victoria Meuse '22, who advanced to a teaching position with the help of her bachelor's degree. Meuse is a military spouse, and during the pandemic and her husband's deployment, she homeschooled her oldest daughter. "I love working at my kids' school," she said. You can also gain practical life skills as a college student. For example, you will need to meet regular assignment deadlines for each class.

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Impact on Family and Future Generations

A college degree can also impact your family members and their futures. For Tarah Theis '22, earning a bachelor's in communication meant setting an example for her sons. She said they all want to go to college after seeing their mom do it. "That's the biggest success to me … Since your earning potential is typically greater as a college graduate, your degree may lead toward financial stability for you and your family. Homeowners are increasingly more likely to be college-educated. Marilynn Hymon-Williams '22 saw her education as a stepping stone to a better future - and a better retirement. After completing her bachelor's in healthcare administration, she was already thinking about a master's degree. "I'm invested in (the) future because a lot of people think that when you get older, it's over," Hymon-Williams said. "It ain't over. Uh-uh, nope.

Building Relationships and Community

College can be more than just an education; it can be a place you build all types of new relationships. Initially, you may establish a connection with an academic advisor - someone who will be there to support you throughout your college experience, encourage and mentor you for personal success and more. Faculty - your course instructors - can also provide help with understanding your assignments and what's expected of you as a student. Once classes begin, you'll be surrounded by peers. When SNHU student Lydia Alonci '18 was offered a full-time position while attending the Grace Hopper Conference, she told her prospective employer that she would only accept the job if they gave her friend from SNHU, Patricia Odani Mukuka '18, '21G, a chance too. This led to the organization offering Odani Makuka an internship. The relationships you build in college can go on to become the foundation of your professional network. And after you graduate, you'll join an alumni community. An alumni community is full of graduates who can give back in a variety of ways, including through community service, participating in and organizing events and mentoring current students, among other ways.

Overcoming Challenges and Achieving Goals

Reck is a 1% survivor of a rare infection called septicemia. "Life goes on around you," he said of his time in the hospital during his health scare. "It's lonely." Once Reck was on the road to recovery, he knew his next goal. "School came upon me like a bell," Reck said. "I'm going to go finish my degree, and here I am, alive." He now holds his bachelor's in graphic design. In achieving his personal goal, he has also attained a professional one. SNHU graduates Marlene Riley '22 and Michael Riley '18 '22MBA, wife and husband, walked across the stage together. Marlene is an immigrant from Peru, and Michael is a veteran, and both are first-generation college students. Finishing their degrees was a personal goal they were able to achieve together, and it was even more special sharing the moment at Commencement.

Making a Difference in the World

Earning your college degree can improve the lives of those around you, too. Some colleges encourage students to give back by organizing volunteer opportunities. SNHU holds an annual community service initiative, Global Days of Service. Like Key, you might be galvanized to make a difference in the world after graduating from college. A TIME magazine article noted that higher education is rapidly working to improve climate education in many fields, including architecture, economics and law. As a result of this new emphasis on ecology and sustainability in higher education, graduates from various areas of study are now applying their knowledge to improve sustainability practices and address climate change in several sectors. You can also get a degree focusing on these issues directly. Higher education can give you the chance to make a difference in other ways, too.

Broadening Perspectives and Fostering Understanding

College can also broaden your horizons by introducing you to a diverse range of perspectives. A chance to engage with other viewpoints can lead you to better understand people who are different from you and situations you have never personally encountered.

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